NCERT Class 11 Geography — Chapter 4: Geomorphic Processes

Consider the following statements comparing landslides in the Himalayas and the Western Ghats: 1. The Himalayas are tectonically active and made of sedimentary rocks, leading to frequent landslides. 2. The Western Ghats are tectonically active and made of soft sedimentary rocks. 3. Landslides occur in the Western Ghats despite their stability. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the relationship between weathering and erosion: 1. Weathering is a pre-condition for erosion. 2. Weathering aids erosion. 3. Erosion has no significant impact on the earth's surface. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Denudational processes such as erosion and transportation are primarily governed by:

The development of Karst topography requires bedrock that is:

Consider the following statements regarding mass movements: 1. They transfer the mass of rock debris down the slopes under the direct influence of gravity. 2. Running water and wind are the primary geomorphic agents that participate in the process of mass movements. 3. They are very active over weathered slopes rather than over unweathered materials. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to endogenic geomorphic processes, consider the following statements: 1. The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind these processes. 2. This energy is generated solely by radioactivity and primordial heat from the origin of the earth. 3. Diastrophism and volcanism are examples of endogenic processes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding diastrophism: 1. Orogenic processes involve the uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust. 2. Epeirogenic processes involve uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust. 3. Plate tectonics involves horizontal movements of crustal plates. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to weathering, consider the following statements: 1. It is an ex-situ process where significant motion of materials takes place. 2. It is defined as the mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks. 3. It is a pre-requisite for mass movement to occur. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

In arid climates, the accumulation of salts forms a soil crust known as:

With reference to soil formation, consider the following statements: 1. Parent material is considered an active control factor in soil formation. 2. Soil formation depends on the texture and structure of the rock debris. 3. Young soils often show strong links with the type of parent rock. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding erosion and deposition: 1. Erosion involves the acquisition and transportation of rock debris. 2. Weathering is an absolute pre-condition for erosion to take place. 3. Deposition is a process independent of erosion. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

What is the term for the weathering process where curved sheets of rock flake off, creating smooth, rounded surfaces?

Which type of mass movement involves the sliding of rock debris with a backward rotation relative to the slope?

The formation of "Exfoliation Domes" is primarily attributed to which physical process?

In wet equatorial climates, the removal of silica from the soil is termed:

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? 1. Orogeny : Mountain building process 2. Epeirogeny : Continental building process 3. Exogenic forces : Land building forces 4. Endogenic forces : Land wearing forces Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to chemical weathering processes, consider the following statements: 1. Solution and carbonation act on rocks to decompose them into a fine clastic state. 2. Water and air retard all chemical reactions. 3. Decomposition of plants and animals increases the quantity of carbon dioxide underground. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding physical weathering processes: 1. They depend solely on chemical interactions. 2. Most physical weathering processes are caused by thermal expansion and pressure release. 3. These processes are slow but can cause significant damage to rocks over time. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to biological activity and weathering, consider the following statements: 1. Burrowing by organisms helps in exposing new surfaces to chemical attack. 2. Decaying plant matter prevents the production of humic acids. 3. Plant roots exert no mechanical pressure on earth materials. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the role of climate in soil formation, consider the following statements: 1. Precipitation has no role in chemical and biological activities in soil. 2. Excess water helps in the downward transportation of soil components. 3. In dry climates, evaporation exceeds precipitation leading to the accumulation of salts. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding 'Parent Material' in soil formation: 1. It is a passive control factor. 2. It can only be in-situ weathered rock debris. 3. Dissimilar bedrocks always produce dissimilar soils. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The ultimate source of energy for exogenic (denudational) geomorphic processes is which of the following?

In geomorphology, the force applied per unit area on earth materials is termed:

The accumulation of humus in soils of cold climates is primarily due to:

Which of the following pairs of mass movements are correctly matched with their descriptions? 1. Slump : Backward rotation of rock debris 2. Debris Slide : Rapid rolling without backward rotation 3. Debris Fall : Free fall of earth debris 4. Rockslide : Sliding of individual rock masses down bedding Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to orogeny and epeirogeny, consider the following statements: 1. Orogeny is a mountain building process. 2. Epeirogeny is a mountain building process. 3. Both processes can cause faulting and fracturing of the crust. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding volcanism: 1. It excludes the movement of molten rock onto the earth’s surface. 2. It includes the formation of intrusive volcanic forms. 3. It is strictly an endogenic geomorphic process. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to stresses in earth materials, consider the following statements: 1. Molecular stresses are unaffected by temperature changes. 2. Shear stresses are separating forces acting along the faces of earth materials. 3. Gravitational stress is the only stress that breaks rocks. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the relationship between climate and geomorphic processes: 1. Exogenic geomorphic processes vary from region to region due to variations in thermal gradients. 2. The depth of the weathering mantle is uniform across different climatic regimes. 3. Vegetation distribution, which depends on climate, exerts an indirect influence on exogenic processes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the significance of weathering, consider the following statements: 1. It hinders the formation of regolith and soils. 2. It aids mass wasting and erosion. 3. It helps in the enrichment and concentration of valuable ores like iron and manganese. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the process of 'Enrichment' in weathering: 1. It leads to the dispersion of remaining materials. 2. It involves the removal of waste materials leaving behind valuable materials. 3. Weathering makes the exploitation of valuable materials economically unviable. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Geomorphic movements, whether internal or external, are fundamentally driven by:

The term 'Denudation' includes which of the following processes? 1. Weathering 2. Mass wasting 3. Erosion 4. Transportation Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which chemical weathering process entails the absorption of water by minerals, leading to expansion?

Which of the following are activating causes that precede mass movements? 1. Removal of support from below 2. Increase in gradient and height of slopes 3. Overloading through addition of materials 4. Removal of material or load from over the original slope surfaces Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding debris avalanches: 1. They occur frequently in the Himalayas due to tectonic activity and sedimentary rocks. 2. They are absent in the Nilgiris because the rocks are very hard. 3. They can be triggered by heavy rainfall. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to erosional agents, consider the following statements: 1. Wind, running water, and glaciers are independent of climatic conditions. 2. Waves and groundwater are not controlled by climate. 3. Groundwater work is determined more by the lithological character of the region. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding deposition: 1. It occurs when erosional agents gain velocity. 2. It is a consequence of erosion rather than a distinct work of an agent. 3. Finer materials get deposited first and coarser ones later. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the factor of 'Time' in soil formation, consider the following statements: 1. It determines the maturation of soils and profile development. 2. Soils developing from recently deposited alluvium are considered mature. 3. No specific length of time can be fixed for soils to develop and mature. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

What is the local term for calcium carbonate nodules formed in the soils of tropical climates with intermediate rainfall?

Which landforms are primarily produced by the processes of unloading and thermal expansion, respectively?

Diastrophism includes which of the following processes? 1. Orogenic processes 2. Epeirogenic processes 3. Earthquakes 4. Plate tectonics Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding earthquakes as a geomorphic process: 1. They involve no movement of the earth's crust. 2. They are considered part of diastrophism. 3. They can cause faulting and fracturing of the crust. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Exogenic geomorphic forces are primarily induced by energy derived from:

With reference to weathering and climate, consider the following statements: 1. Climatic factors being equal, the intensity of exogenic geomorphic processes depends on the type and structure of rocks. 2. A particular rock is equally resistant to all geomorphic processes. 3. The effects of exogenic processes are always rapid and perceptible in a short time span. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which of the following forces are applied in physical weathering processes? 1. Overburden pressure 2. Shearing stress 3. Expansion forces due to temperature changes 4. Water pressures controlled by wetting and drying cycles Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the role of organisms in soil formation: 1. Ants, termites, and earthworms rework the soil up and down. 2. Earthworms have no effect on the texture and chemistry of the soil. 3. The influence of large animals is largely mechanical. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which type of mass movement is characterized by the rapid rolling or sliding of debris without backward rotation?

Pedology is the branch of earth science concerned with the study of which of the following?

With reference to chemical weathering, consider the following statements: 1. It involves only mechanical disintegration processes. 2. It acts on rocks to decompose them into a fine clastic state. 3. It often goes hand-in-hand with physical weathering processes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding 'Exfoliation': 1. It occurs solely due to chemical decomposition. 2. It is a result, not a process. 3. It results in sharp and angular surfaces. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to topography as a soil-forming factor, consider the following statements: 1. Soils will be thin on steep slopes. 2. Soils will be thin over flat upland areas. 3. Over gentle slopes, soil formation is very favourable due to slow erosion and good percolation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding biological activity in soil formation: 1. Vegetative cover prevents the addition of organic matter. 2. Dead plants provide humus. 3. Organic acids formed during humification aid in decomposing soil minerals. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the effect of temperature on soil formation, consider the following statements: 1. Chemical activity is increased in higher temperatures. 2. Chemical activity is increased in cooler temperatures. 3. Chemical activity continues at the same rate in freezing conditions. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The process of downward transport of soil constituents by percolating water is termed:

Consider the following statements regarding geomorphic agents and processes: 1. Any exogenic element of nature capable of acquiring and transporting earth materials is a geomorphic agent. 2. A process is a material substance that transports earth materials. 3. Gravity is a directional force activating downslope movements. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to gravity in geomorphology, consider the following statements: 1. It prevents downslope movements of matter. 2. It causes stresses on earth's materials. 3. Without gravity and gradients, no erosion or deposition would be possible. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The term 'structure' of rocks includes which of the following aspects? 1. Folds and faults 2. Orientation and inclination of beds 3. Presence or absence of joints 4. Hardness or softness of constituent minerals Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which of the following conditions favour mass movements? Statements: 1. Weak unconsolidated materials 2. Steeply dipping beds 3. Scarcity of vegetation 4. Abundant precipitation Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The deposition of soil materials in the lower layers of the soil profile is called:

Consider the following statements regarding the balance of earth's surface: 1. Endogenic forces are mainly land building forces. 2. Exogenic processes are mainly land building forces. 3. Exogenic processes eventually even out the relief variations completely. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A soil is considered mature when: 1. It is formed in a very short period of time. 2. It develops a profile. 3. Soils from recently deposited alluvium are considered immature. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which nitrogen-fixing bacterium forms a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants?

The formation of peat layers in sub-arctic and tundra climates is primarily attributed to: