Correct Option
The correct option is 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Explanation
In geomorphology and geology, the term 'structure' is used in a comprehensive sense. It encompasses not only the geometric arrangement and disposition of rock masses (deformation and stratigraphy) but also the physical and chemical characteristics of the rocks (lithology).
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Folds and faults are the primary results of tectonic deformation. They represent the physical arrangement of rock layers and are central to the definition of geological structure.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The orientation and inclination (technically known as strike and dip) define the attitude of rock beds in space. This geometric positioning is a fundamental aspect of structure.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Joints are natural fractures in rock bodies without displacement. The presence, density, and pattern of joints are key structural features that influence weathering and erosion.
- Statement 4 is Correct: In the context of landform evolution (specifically within the Davisian trio of "Structure, Process, and Stage"), the term 'structure' includes lithology. This refers to the nature of the rock material, including its hardness, softness, permeability, and mineral composition.
Key Takeaway
The term 'structure' in geology is broad; it includes the arrangement of rocks (folds, faults, joints, bedding) as well as their lithology (hardness, softness, and composition).