Correct Option
The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Volcanism is an endogenic geomorphic process that encompasses the generation, movement, and solidification of molten rock (magma). It is not limited to surface eruptions but includes the entire mechanism of magmatic activity driven by the Earth's internal heat.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect.
Volcanism explicitly includes the movement of molten rock (magma) onto the Earth’s surface. When magma reaches the surface, it is termed lava. The process covers the movement of molten material both towards the surface and onto the surface.
- Statement 2 is Correct.
Volcanism includes the formation of intrusive volcanic forms (also known as plutonic forms). When magma rises but cools and solidifies within the crust before reaching the surface, it forms structures such as batholiths, laccoliths, dykes, and sills.
- Statement 3 is Correct.
Volcanism is strictly an endogenic geomorphic process. Endogenic processes are driven by forces emanating from within the Earth (such as radioactivity and primordial heat). While the resulting landforms are subject to exogenic forces (weathering and erosion) after formation, the process of volcanism itself is entirely internal in origin.
Key Takeaway
Volcanism is a comprehensive endogenic process that includes both extrusive activity (lava flow, ash formation on the surface) and intrusive activity (solidification of magma inside the crust).