The correct option is 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Explanation
Diastrophism refers to all processes that move, elevate, or build up portions of the earth’s crust. These are endogenic geomorphic processes generated by forces emanating from within the earth. Diastrophism stands in contrast to volcanism, although both are endogenic.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Orogenic processes involve mountain building through severe folding and affect long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust. They are a primary form of diastrophism.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Epeirogenic processes involve the uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust, often referred to as continent-building processes. These are integral to diastrophism.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Earthquakes involve local, relatively minor movements resulting in the vibration of the earth's crust. While often treated separately due to their sudden nature, standard geomorphological classification lists earthquakes under diastrophic processes because they involve crustal displacement.
- Statement 4 is Correct: Plate tectonics involves the horizontal movements of crustal plates. It is the mechanism driving many other diastrophic events and is explicitly classified under diastrophism.
Key Takeaway: Diastrophism encompasses all crustal deformations, including orogenic (mountain building), epeirogenic (continent building), earthquakes, and plate tectonics.