Correct Option
The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
Exogenic geomorphic processes derive their energy primarily from the atmosphere (solar energy) and gravity. While climate is a dominant factor regulating these processes, the inherent characteristics of the lithosphere-specifically the type and structure of rocks-play a crucial role in determining the intensity and outcome of weathering and erosion.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Even if climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) remain constant, the intensity of exogenic processes varies based on the type and structure of rocks. For instance, under the same climatic conditions, limestone may weather rapidly due to carbonation, whereas quartzite remains resistant. Structural features like folds, faults, joints, and bedding planes also influence how rocks respond to external forces.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: No single rock type is equally resistant to all geomorphic processes. A rock may be highly resistant to physical weathering (e.g., abrasion) but susceptible to chemical weathering (e.g., solution). For example, limestone is resistant to mechanical erosion in arid regions but dissolves easily in humid regions. Resistance is specific to the process involved.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The effects of exogenic processes are not always rapid. While some processes like landslides or avalanches are sudden and perceptible, most exogenic processes (such as weathering, soil formation, and gradual erosion) act slowly over long periods. Their cumulative effects may become visible only after thousands or millions of years.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: The rate and intensity of exogenic processes are determined by the interplay of climatic zones and the geological structure (lithology) of the region. These processes are generally slow and imperceptible in the short term, unlike sudden endogenic events.