Every question from this NCERT chapter, with a detailed explanation.
Which factor does NOT contribute to the formation of river meanders?
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I | List II A. Stalactites | 1. Running Water B. Point Bars | 2. Glacier C. Moraines | 3. Waves and Currents D. Spits | 4. Groundwater
With reference to the depositional landforms of running water, consider the following statements: 1. Alluvial fans in humid areas normally show low cones with gentle slopes. 2. In deltas, the finest materials settle out first. 3. Unlike alluvial fans, the deposits making up deltas are very well sorted with clear stratification. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to the stages of landscape development by running water, consider the following statements: 1. In the youth stage, streams are few with poor integration and flow over original slopes. 2. In the mature stage, waterfalls and rapids dominate the landscape. 3. In the old stage, divides are sharp and steep. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the erosional landforms of running water: 1. A gorge is a deep valley with very steep to straight sides and is almost equal in width at its top and bottom. 2. A canyon is characterized by vertical walls and is equal in width at its top and bottom. 3. Canyons commonly form in horizontal bedded sedimentary rocks, while gorges form in hard rocks. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding river terraces: 1. They are basically products of deposition resulting from lateral erosion. 2. River terraces are surfaces marking old valley floor or floodplain levels. 3. Paired terraces occur at different elevations on either side of the river. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which statement correctly describes the formation of an "Alluvial Fan"?
In the context of karst topography developed in limestone regions, what is meant by a ‘doline’?
Consider the following statements regarding the erosional landforms of groundwater: 1. Sinkholes are square-shaped depressions. 2. Collapse sinks form when the bottom of a sinkhole collapses into a void. 3. Lapies are irregular surfaces with grooves and ridges formed due to differential solution activity. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to depositional landforms in limestone caves, consider the following statements: 1. Stalactites hang as icicles and are normally broad at their bases and taper towards the free ends. 2. Stalagmites hang from the roof of the caves. 3. Stalagmites never take the shape of a column. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding glacial erosional landforms: 1. Cirques are deep, long, and wide troughs with very steep concave walls at the head. 2. Horns form through the deposition of glacial till. 3. Arêtes are saw-toothed ridges formed when the divides between cirque side walls get narrow. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Barchans': 1. They are crescent-shaped dunes. 2. Their wings are directed towards the wind direction. 3. They form where wind direction is constant and moderate. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to Glacial Depositional Landforms, consider the following statements: 1. Glacial till consists of well-sorted debris. 2. Outwash deposits are roughly stratified and assorted, unlike till deposits. 3. The rock fragments in glacial till are usually angular, while those in outwash deposits are rounded. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Eskers': 1. They are sinuous ridges composed of very coarse materials like boulders and blocks. 2. They are formed by streams flowing over the surface of the glacier. 3. They are erosional features formed by wind. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to 'Drumlins', consider the following statements: 1. They are smooth oval-shaped ridge-like features composed mainly of glacial till. 2. The long axes of drumlins are perpendicular to the direction of ice movement. 3. The 'stoss' end of the drumlin is blunter and steeper than the 'tail' end. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding coastal erosional landforms: 1. A wave-cut terrace is always submerged below the sea level. 2. Sea stacks are resistant masses of rock standing isolated as small islands just off the shore. 3. Sea caves form when hollows created by wave lashing get widened and deepened. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to coastal depositional landforms, consider the following statements: 1. An off-shore bar exposed due to further addition of sand is termed a lagoon. 2. A ridge of sand and shingle formed in the sea in the off-shore zone parallel to the coast is called an off-shore bar. 3. A barrier bar keyed up to the headland of a bay is called a stack. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the evolution of desert landscapes: 1. Pediments are gently inclined rocky floors close to the mountains at their foot. 2. Pediments form through the vertical down-cutting of streams. 3. A pediplain is a low relief feature formed by the coalescence of pediments. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to Sand Dunes, consider the following statements: 1. Barchans are crescent-shaped dunes with wings directed towards the wind direction. 2. Parabolic dunes are reversed barchans with wings directed towards the wind direction. 3. Seif dunes have only one wing or point. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which of the following is NOT a glacial erosional landform?
Consider the following statements regarding the 'Old Stage' of a river: 1. Streams flow in straight channels without meandering. 2. Smaller tributaries are few with gentle gradients. 3. Most of the landscape is well above sea level with high relief. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to 'Potholes' and 'Plunge Pools', consider the following statements: 1. Potholes are circular depressions formed over rocky beds of hill-streams. 2. Plunge pools are depositional features found in deltas. 3. Both are formed primarily by the process of erosion. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Groundwater' action: 1. The physical removal of materials by moving groundwater is the most significant factor in developing landforms. 2. Solution and precipitation are the two active processes in limestones or dolomites. 3. Karst topography is developed in rocks rich in calcium carbonate. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to 'Caves' in Karst regions, consider the following statements: 1. Water moves only vertically to dissolve the limestone. 2. Caves form where there are alternating beds of rocks with limestones or in massive limestone beds. 3. Caves having openings at both ends are called sinkholes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Glacial Valleys': 1. They are U-shaped valleys with broad floors and steep sides. 2. Hanging valleys are never found in glacial regions. 3. Fjords are very deep glacial troughs filled with sea water making up shorelines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which of the following represents a glacial depositional landform?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'Mature Stage' of a river? 1. V-shaped valleys are deep. 2. Trunk streams are broad enough to have wider floodplains. 3. Waterfalls and rapids disappear. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Consider the following statements regarding 'Low Sedimentary Coasts': 1. Rivers shorten their length by eroding coastal plains. 2. The coastline appears smooth with occasional incursions of water into the land. 3. Lagoons and tidal creeks are common. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to 'Desert Landforms', consider the following statements: 1. Mushroom rocks are formed when resistant rocks are worn out quickly leaving soft rocks. 2. Deflation hollows are deep caves created by water erosion. 3. Blow outs are deep caves created by the impact and abrasion of wind-borne sand. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Peneplain': 1. It is a type of plain formed as a result of stream erosion. 2. It is a high relief area with no remnants. 3. It is a feature associated with the old stage of a river. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'River Valleys': 1. Valleys start as large canyons which degrade into rills. 2. Depending on dimensions and shape, valleys can be V-shaped, gorges, or canyons. 3. Valley types depend upon the type and structure of rocks in which they form. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to 'Floodplains', consider the following statements: 1. A river bed made of river deposits is the active floodplain. 2. The floodplain above the bank is the active floodplain. 3. Inactive floodplains contain only channel deposits and no flood deposits. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Karst' landforms: 1. Swallow holes are small to medium-sized shallow depressions formed by solution. 2. Valley sinks or Uvalas form when sinkholes collapse. 3. Sinkholes are often covered up with soil mantle and appear as shallow water pools. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to 'Glacial Erosion', consider the following statements: 1. Plucking involves the dragging of rock fragments along the floor causing abrasion. 2. Glaciers can cause significant damage to un-weathered rocks. 3. The friction caused by the sheer weight of ice contributes to erosion. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the "Youth" stage of a river's course?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Outwash Plains': 1. They are composed of unassorted glacial till. 2. They are formed at the foot of glacial mountains or beyond the limits of continental ice sheets. 3. Unlike alluvial fans, they never form fan-like shapes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Wind Deposition': 1. Wind is a good sorting agent. 2. The sorting of grains is independent of the velocity of wind. 3. Depositional features in arid regions can develop anywhere with a good source of sand and constant wind. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Pediments': 1. They are erosional plains formed in humid regions. 2. They have a steep wash slope followed by a cliff or free face above it. 3. They extend backwards at the expense of the mountain front. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which statement correctly describes the characteristics of river deltas?
With reference to 'Glacial Troughs', consider the following statements: 1. They are U-shaped valleys with broad floors. 2. They are always devoid of any debris or moraines. 3. They are formed by the deposition of material by wind. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Waves': 1. When waves break, water is thrown with great force onto the shore. 2. There is a great churning of sediments on the sea bottom when waves break. 3. As the wave environment changes, the intensity of the force of breaking waves remains constant. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Sea Stacks': 1. They are temporary features formed by wave erosion. 2. They are resistant masses of rock originally parts of a cliff or hill. 3. They eventually disappear giving rise to narrow coastal plains. Which of the statements given above are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Potholes': 1. They are formed over the rocky beds of hill-streams. 2. They are formed by stream erosion aided by the abrasion of rock fragments. 3. Small potholes eventually join to form large plunge pools. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to 'River Terraces', consider the following statements: 1. They may be bedrock surfaces without any alluvial cover. 2. They may be alluvial terraces consisting of stream deposits. 3. They indicate former river bed levels. Which of the statements given above are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Glacial Horns': 1. They form through headward erosion of cirque walls. 2. They are high, sharp-pointed, and steep-sided peaks. 3. The highest peak in the Himalayas, Everest, is a horn. Which of the statements given above are correct?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of glacial moraine?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Beaches': 1. They are characteristic of shorelines dominated by deposition. 2. Most of the sediment making up beaches comes from land carried by streams and rivers. 3. Beaches are permanent features that do not change with seasons. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
In the context of aeolian landforms, what characterizes a "Seif" dune?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Parabolic Dunes': 1. They form when sandy surfaces are partially covered with vegetation. 2. They are reversed barchans with wind direction being the same. 3. They have wings directed away from the wind direction. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Glacial Till': 1. It is sorted and stratified. 2. It contains angular to sub-angular rock fragments. 3. It forms ridges known as moraines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding 'Desert Erosion': 1. Erosion starts along the steep margins of the landmass. 2. Sheet floods help in removing weathered materials. 3. Stream channels in deserts are narrow, deep, and permanent. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
In coastal geomorphology, a "Barrier Bar" is defined as:
Consider the following statements regarding 'Stalagmites': 1. They form due to dripping water from the surface or from stalactites. 2. They hang from the roof of the cave. 3. They may fuse with stalactites to form pillars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? Landform | Feature 1. Cirque | Deep trough with steep concave walls 2. Esker | Sinuous ridge of boulders and blocks 3. Drumlin | Oval shaped ridge of glacial till 4. Fjord | Deep glacial trough filled with sea water Select the correct answer using the code given below: