Correct Option
The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Coastal landforms are primarily shaped by the erosional and depositional actions of sea waves. Erosional features typically develop along high, rocky coasts where wave energy is concentrated against cliff faces, leading to the formation of distinct structures through hydraulic action and abrasion.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: A wave-cut terrace (or wave-cut platform) is a flat, bench-like surface found at the base of a sea cliff. It is formed by the recession of the cliff. These platforms are typically exposed during low tides and submerged during high tides. They are not always submerged; in fact, uplifted wave-cut terraces (marine terraces) can be found well above sea level.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Sea stacks are isolated pillars or masses of rock standing just off the coast. They are formed when the roof of a sea arch collapses due to continued erosion, leaving the resistant rock pillars standing as small islands.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Sea caves are formed when waves attack weak zones, cracks, or crevices in a cliff face. The continuous lashing of waves widens and deepens these hollows, eventually forming caves.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: The erosional sequence of a headland typically follows the order: Crack → Cave → Arch → Stack → Stump. Wave-cut platforms are erosional surfaces found at the cliff base, often visible at low tide.