Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
Waves are powerful exogenic agents that shape coastal landforms. They derive their energy primarily from the wind and release this energy upon reaching the shore. The process of waves breaking is critical in determining the extent of erosion and sediment transport in coastal zones.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: When waves break, the potential energy stored in the wave is converted into kinetic energy. This results in water being thrown against the shore with significant force, capable of dislodging rocks and eroding cliffs.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The turbulence generated by breaking waves reaches the sea bottom in shallow waters. This action causes a vigorous churning of sediments, lifting sand and silt into suspension and facilitating their transport (erosion or deposition).
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The intensity of the force exerted by breaking waves is not constant. It varies significantly depending on the wave environment, which includes factors such as wind speed, wind duration, the distance over which the wind blows (fetch), and the configuration of the coastline. As these environmental factors change, the energy and impact force of the waves change accordingly.
Key Takeaway: Waves are dynamic geomorphic agents; their erosive and depositional capacity fluctuates based on environmental conditions, resulting in variable forces exerted on the shoreline and sea bottom.