The correct option is 1 and 3 only
Explanation
The ruins of Hampi, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, were brought to light in 1800 by Colonel Colin Mackenzie. While initial documentation was done by surveyors and photographers, systematic conservation and preservation efforts were institutionalized much later under the British administration and subsequently by the Government of India.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Systematic conservation of the Vijayanagara ruins began in 1902 under John Marshall, the then Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). His tenure marked a shift towards the active preservation of Indian heritage sites.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Group of Monuments at Hampi was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986, not 2010. This recognition highlighted the site's outstanding universal value as a center of the Vijayanagara Empire.
- Statement 3 is Correct: While the initial survey map was prepared by Colin Mackenzie in 1800, the site has been extensively surveyed, excavated, and maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the Karnataka Department of Archaeology and Museums over the 20th century to the present day.
Key Takeaway: The rediscovery of Hampi is attributed to Colin Mackenzie (1800), while formal conservation efforts began under John Marshall (1902). It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.