The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
The amara-nayaka system was a distinctive political innovation of the Vijayanagara Empire, likely influenced by the iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate. The amara-nayakas were military commanders who were assigned territories (known as amaram) to govern by the Raya (king).
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
The amara-nayakas were not prohibited from maintaining a military contingent; on the contrary, it was their primary obligation. They were required to maintain a stipulated contingent of horses, elephants, and soldiers to assist the Vijayanagara kings during wars. This military support was the basis of their tenure.
Statement 2 is Correct:
To fund their obligations and administration, the amara-nayakas were empowered to collect taxes and other dues from peasants, craftspersons, and traders within their assigned territories.
Statement 3 is Correct:
From the collected revenue, the amara-nayakas retained a portion for their personal consumption and for the maintenance of their stipulated military contingent (horses and elephants). The remaining revenue was often utilized for the maintenance of temples and irrigation works, and a fixed tribute was sent annually to the king.
Key Takeaway:
The amara-nayaka system decentralized administration by granting revenue and administrative powers to military commanders in exchange for military service and loyalty, serving as the backbone of the Vijayanagara Empire's military organization.