The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
In the Vijayanagara Empire, the nayakas were military chiefs who exercised power in various parts of the empire. They played a crucial role in the political structure, often controlling forts and maintaining armed supporters. This system, known as the Amara-nayaka system, was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The nayakas were not exclusively revenue officials; they were primarily military commanders. They were given territories (known as amaram) to govern by the Raya (king). While they did collect taxes and other dues from peasants, craftspersons, and traders in their areas, a significant portion of this revenue was used to maintain a stipulated contingent of horses and elephants for the king's military service.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The nayakas were usually Telugu or Kannada speakers. They moved around the empire and settled in various regions, often with the support of the kings, to consolidate control over agricultural zones and trade routes.
- Statement 3 is Correct. While the nayakas submitted to the authority of the kings of Vijayanagara, they frequently rebelled and asserted their independence. The kings often had to take military action to subdue them. After the battle of Talikota (1565), the rebellious nature of these nayakas contributed significantly to the disintegration of the empire.
Key Takeaway:
The Amara-nayaka system was a distinctive feature of the Vijayanagara administration, likely inspired by the Iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate, where military chiefs held territories in exchange for military service and tribute.