The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The consumer movement in India originated as a "social force" with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.
Statement 1 is Incorrect: The consumer movement in India did not originate solely due to pressure from international agencies. It arose primarily as a reaction to domestic economic challenges, including rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, and the adulteration of food and edible oil. While international developments contributed to the discourse, the movement was fundamentally driven by local grievances.
Statement 2 is Correct: In the 1960s, the movement began to take an organized form largely to address specific economic hardships such as food shortages, hoarding, and black marketing. This era was characterized by significant scarcity, which compelled consumers to organize against market malpractices.
Statement 3 is Correct: Until the 1970s, the activities of consumer organizations were limited in scope. They were primarily engaged in writing articles, holding exhibitions, and forming groups to monitor malpractices in ration shops or overcrowding in public transport. The movement lacked substantial legal power for redressal until the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) in 1986.
Key Takeaway: The Indian consumer movement evolved from a voluntary effort focusing on awareness and exhibitions in the 1960s and 1970s to a legally empowered framework with the passage of the Consumer Protection Act in 1986.