The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The consumer movement arose as a social force to protect and promote the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices. Historically, the market operated on the principle of Caveat Emptor ("Let the buyer beware"), placing the onus on the consumer. The movement sought to shift this responsibility to the seller (Caveat Venditor).
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The consumer movement in India did not achieve its goals within a single year. It originated as a "social force" in the 1960s to combat food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, and adulteration. It took several decades of persistent struggle for the movement to gain significant legal backing, culminating in the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) in 1986.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Initially, the prevailing market philosophy was that the consumer was responsible for being careful while purchasing goods or services. It was presumed that if a consumer was not satisfied with a purchase, they should simply avoid buying from that seller again, rather than having legal recourse against the seller.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Despite the existence of a strong consumer movement and legal frameworks like COPRA, unfair trade practices such as adulteration, misleading advertisements, and underweighting continue to persist in the market. The enforcement of rights and the awareness among consumers remain ongoing challenges.
Key Takeaway:
The consumer movement represents a historical shift from the doctrine of Caveat Emptor (buyer beware) to a rights-based approach protecting consumers, though market malpractices persist requiring continuous vigilance.