The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The "Right to Constitutional Remedies" (Article 32) empowers citizens to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. This right is enforceable against the "State" as defined in Article 12 of the Constitution. The definition of State determines the scope of entities against whom Fundamental Rights can be claimed.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The power of judicial review under Article 32 (and Article 226) allows the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments. Citizens can challenge laws of the Central Government (Parliament) if such laws violate Fundamental Rights. There is no prohibition preventing citizens from challenging central laws under this right.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Article 12 defines "State" to include the Government and Legislature of each State. Therefore, executive orders, administrative actions, and policies of the State Government are subject to judicial scrutiny and can be challenged if they infringe upon Fundamental Rights.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Supreme Court has interpreted the term "other authorities" in Article 12 to include bodies acting as agencies or instrumentalities of the State. Entities such as nationalized banks, electricity boards, and Public Sector Undertakings (like LIC, ONGC) fall within this definition. Consequently, their actions are amenable to writ jurisdiction for the violation of Fundamental Rights.
Key Takeaway:
The Right to Constitutional Remedies ensures that Fundamental Rights are enforceable against the "State," which encompasses Central and State governments, local bodies, and statutory or non-statutory authorities functioning as instrumentalities of the government.