Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Democracy is defined not only by the process of selecting rulers but also by how the government functions after being elected. It involves a substantive adherence to the rule of law, institutional integrity, and the protection of individual liberties against state power.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. While periodic, free, and fair elections are a necessary condition for a democracy, they are not a sufficient condition. A system where elections are held but the elected government disregards constitutional norms, suppresses the press, or violates citizens' rights cannot be termed a true democracy. A democratic government must also rule within limits set by constitutional law.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The existence of institutions (such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary) operating under established rules is essential (necessary) for democratic governance to prevent arbitrary rule. However, their mere existence is not sufficient; these institutions must function independently and democratically, ensuring accountability and transparency.
- Statement 3 is Correct. A fundamental principle of democracy is that the power of elected rulers is not absolute. The enjoyment of rights by citizens (such as Fundamental Rights) imposes necessary limitations on the authority of the state, ensuring that the government respects the dignity and freedom of the individual.
Key Takeaway: Democracy requires more than just the procedural aspect of elections; it necessitates the rule of law, the functioning of independent institutions, and the protection of citizens' rights to limit the powers of the government.