The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The Right to Equality is a cluster of Fundamental Rights enshrined in Articles 14 to 18 of the Constitution of India. It forms the bedrock of Indian democracy, ensuring equal treatment under the law and prohibiting arbitrary discrimination by the State.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Article 14 guarantees "Equality before Law" and "Equal Protection of Laws" to all persons within the territory of India. It ensures that no individual is above the law and that the law applies equally to all in similar circumstances.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Article 15 prohibits the State from discriminating against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Article 17 explicitly abolishes "Untouchability" and forbids its practice in any form. This right is absolute and enforceable against private individuals as well; there is no exception for private spheres.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. While the Constitution provides specific exceptions (such as reservations for backward classes under Article 16(4) or residence requirements under Article 16(3)), the State is generally prohibited from discriminating on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, or residence. The claim that the State can discriminate "without exception" is legally false.
Key Takeaway:
The Right to Equality (Articles 14–18) comprehensively covers equality before the law, prohibition of discrimination, equality of opportunity in public employment, abolition of untouchability, and abolition of titles.