The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The concept of 'Tyranny of the Majority' refers to the inherent risk in democratic societies where a majority group may impose its will on minority groups, potentially disregarding their rights and interests. The Constitution provides safeguards to prevent this domination.- Statement 1 is Correct: The tyranny of the majority can manifest as inter-community domination, where one religious or social community dominates another. This often leads to the marginalization of minority groups.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Tyranny is not limited to inter-community conflicts. It also includes intra-community domination, where members of the same community dominate others within it (e.g., caste-based discrimination within a religion or gender-based suppression). Therefore, the assertion that it "never involves" internal domination is false.
- Statement 3 is Correct: A primary function of the Constitution is to lay down rules that guard against this tyranny. It ensures that minorities are not excluded from resources, opportunities, or rights that are routinely available to the majority. This is operationalized through Fundamental Rights (e.g., Articles 14, 15, 29, and 30).
Key Takeaway: Constitutional safeguards protect against both inter-community domination (majority vs. minority) and intra-community domination (internal hierarchy), ensuring equality and preventing the tyranny of the majority.