The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The consumer movement acts as a "social force" within the economy, organized by consumers to protect and promote their interests against unethical and unfair trade practices employed by sellers and manufacturers.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The consumer movement in India originated as a direct response to consumer dissatisfaction regarding specific unfair practices. In the 1960s, issues such as rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, and the adulteration of food and edible oil necessitated organized consumer resistance.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The movement has successfully exerted significant pressure on business firms. As a result of this pressure, business conduct has evolved, and unfair practices are increasingly scrutinized. The movement's influence was instrumental in the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (COPRA), forcing firms to adhere to stricter standards.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The movement highlighted that consumers alone could not effectively battle organized market forces. It emphasized the necessity for government intervention to provide legal protection to consumers, leading to the establishment of consumer courts and statutory rights.
Key Takeaway:
The consumer movement in India transformed the market dynamic from Caveat Emptor (let the buyer beware) to a regulated environment where the government enforces consumer rights through legislation like the Consumer Protection Act.