The correct option is 1 and 2 only
Explanation
Vijayanagara architecture (1336-1646 CE) represents a distinct evolution in the Dravidian style, characterized by immense scale and imperial grandeur. The rulers introduced new structural elements to display their power, significantly altering the landscape of temple architecture in Hampi.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The raya gopurams (royal gateways) were a signature feature of Vijayanagara architecture. These massive towers at the entrance were often taller and more ornate than the shikharas or towers over the central shrines. They signaled the presence of the temple from great distances and symbolized the power of the ruling kings (Rayas).
- Statement 2 is Correct: Vijayanagara temples are known for their mandapas (pavilions) and long, pillared corridors that often ran around the shrines within the temple complex. These corridors and halls were used for various activities, including music, dance, and royal marriages of deities.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Virupaksha temple was not built entirely during the Vijayanagara period. The shrine predates the empire, with parts dating back to the 9th-10th centuries (Chalukya and Hoysala periods). The Vijayanagara rulers, however, substantially enlarged and embellished it.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: The hall in front of the main shrine of the Virupaksha temple was built by Krishnadeva Raya in 1510 CE to mark his accession to the throne. It was not built by the Chola rulers. He also constructed the eastern gopuram.
Key Takeaway:
While Vijayanagara rulers are famous for their massive structural additions (like raya gopurams and pillared mandapas), many core shrines in Hampi, such as the Virupaksha temple, existed centuries before the empire was established.