The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Article 28 of the Indian Constitution deals with the freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. It classifies educational institutions into four categories to determine the extent of religious instruction permitted.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect.
According to Article 28(1), no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. Therefore, it is prohibited, not mandatory.
- Statement 2 is Correct.
Under Article 28(3), no person attending any educational institution recognized by the State or receiving aid out of State funds (which includes many private institutions) shall be required to take part in any religious instruction imparted in such institution without their consent (or guardian's consent if a minor). Furthermore, the fundamental right to freedom of conscience (Article 25) protects individuals from being compelled to participate in religious activities against their will in any setting.
- Statement 3 is Correct.
Article 28(3) explicitly states that institutions receiving aid out of State funds cannot compel students to participate in religious instruction or worship. Participation must be voluntary and requires the consent of the student (or guardian).
Key Takeaway:
Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in fully State-funded institutions. In institutions administered by the State but established under a trust (requiring such instruction), it is permitted. In institutions recognized or aided by the State, religious instruction is permitted but must be voluntary (non-compulsory).