Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Indian National Movement was a prolonged struggle against British colonial rule, characterized by the evolution of political consciousness, mass mobilization, and the demand for self-governance. It spanned several decades, bridging the late 19th and mid-20th centuries.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
The Indian National Movement did not emerge exclusively in the twentieth century. Its organized political phase began significantly earlier, most notably with the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885. The late 19th century saw the rise of the "Moderate" phase of nationalism (1885–1905), where leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale laid the economic and political foundations of the struggle.
Statement 2 is Correct:
The movement was inclusive and saw the active participation of both men and women. While early participation was limited, the entry of Mahatma Gandhi transformed it into a mass movement. Women played pivotal roles in key events such as the Swadeshi Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement (e.g., Sarojini Naidu during the Salt Satyagraha), and the Quit India Movement (e.g., Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta).
Statement 3 is Correct:
The movement successfully culminated in the end of British rule. The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act, 1947, which partitioned British India into two new independent dominions, India and Pakistan, granting India independence on August 15, 1947.
Key Takeaway:
The Indian National Movement originated in the late 19th century (1885 onwards), not the 20th, and was defined by broad-based participation across gender and class, ending legally with the Indian Independence Act, 1947.