The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. It was characterized by an authoritarian political culture based on white supremacy, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: During the apartheid regime, the "Blacks" (native Africans) constituted the vast majority of the population, accounting for approximately three-fourths (about 75%) of the total demographic, yet they were marginalized by the white minority government.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The fundamental principle of apartheid was segregation, not integration. The system strictly forbade Blacks from living in areas designated for whites. Legislation such as the Group Areas Act of 1950 assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections, forcing non-whites into specific segregated areas.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The movement of Black people was heavily restricted through "pass laws." Blacks were required to carry passbooks (dompas) to enter areas designated for whites. They were allowed to work in white areas only if they possessed a specific permit authorizing their presence for labour purposes.
Key Takeaway:
The apartheid system enforced strict spatial separation of races, where the Black majority was legally barred from living in white areas and required specific permits to enter or work in those zones.