The correct option is (d).
Explanation
The Indian Constitution is often described as a "living document." While Part III explicitly lists specific Fundamental Rights, the scope of these rights is not static. The Judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, plays a crucial role in interpreting these provisions to ensure they remain relevant to changing societal contexts.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Assertion (A): Incorrect
The list of Fundamental Rights is not static. While the text of the Constitution provides a specific set of rights, the Supreme Court has significantly expanded their scope through judicial interpretation. For instance, under Article 21 (Protection of Life and Personal Liberty), the Court has derived numerous implied rights, such as the Right to Privacy (K.S. Puttaswamy case), the Right to a Clean Environment, the Right to Livelihood, and the Right to Speedy Trial. These rights are treated as integral parts of Fundamental Rights despite not being explicitly mentioned in the original text.
- Reason (R): Correct
Rights are inherently dynamic concepts. As societies evolve, economic structures change, and technology advances, new threats to human dignity and liberty arise. Consequently, the understanding of what constitutes a "right" evolves to address these new challenges. This evolutionary nature necessitates that constitutional provisions be interpreted liberally to encompass new dimensions of human freedom.
Key Takeaway: The scope of Fundamental Rights in India is expansive and dynamic. The Supreme Court interprets the text of Part III broadly to include unenumerated rights (such as the Right to Privacy) essential for the enjoyment of guaranteed freedoms.