The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The Indian Constitution is described as a 'living document' because it possesses the capacity to adapt to changing social, economic, and political conditions. This adaptability is ensured through the amendment process under Article 368 and the dynamic interpretation of constitutional provisions by the judiciary.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Assertion (A): Correct. The Constitution is characterized as a 'living document' because it is not static. It evolves through amendments enacted by the Parliament and through judicial interpretations that expand the scope of rights (e.g., Article 21) to meet contemporary needs.
- Reason (R): Correct. The Supreme Court, through the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), established the Doctrine of Basic Structure. This empowers the judiciary to strike down any constitutional amendment that alters or destroys the fundamental features (Basic Structure) of the Constitution.
Reasoning for the Code:
While both statements are individually true, the Reason (R) is not the correct explanation for the Assertion (A). The Constitution is a 'living document' primarily because of its flexibility and amendability, which allows it to grow and adapt. The Basic Structure doctrine (mentioned in R) acts as a limitation or check on this amending power to preserve the Constitution's core identity. Therefore, the power to strike down amendments does not explain the property of being a 'living document'; rather, the provision for amendments and judicial creativity explains it.
Key Takeaway:
The 'living' nature of the Constitution is derived from its ability to change and adapt via amendments and interpretation, whereas the Basic Structure doctrine serves as a judicial safeguard to prevent the destruction of its essential fabric during such changes.