Correct Option
Statement 1 is correct. Photovoltaic (PV) technology directly converts solar radiation (light) into electricity using semiconductor materials, typically silicon-based solar cells. This process is known as the photovoltaic effect. Solar Thermal technology, on the other hand, concentrates sunlight to heat a fluid, which then produces steam. This steam drives a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity, similar to conventional thermal power plants. Thus, statement 1 accurately distinguishes between the two technologies.
Incorrect Options
Statement 2 is incorrect. Photovoltaic cells inherently produce Direct Current (DC) electricity. For integration into the electrical grid or for most household applications, this DC electricity is then converted into Alternating Current (AC) using an inverter. Solar Thermal power plants, by utilizing steam turbines to drive generators, produce Alternating Current (AC) electricity, similar to traditional power generation methods.
Statement 3 is incorrect. India possesses a significant manufacturing base for both Photovoltaic (PV) modules and Solar Thermal systems. The country has established capabilities in the production of solar cells and modules, and has also developed domestic capacity for concentrated solar thermal technologies. Therefore, the claim that India does not have a manufacturing base for either of these technologies is false.
Option (b) is incorrect because statements 2 and 3 are factually inaccurate.
Option (c) is incorrect as only statement 1 is correct, while statements 2 and 3 are incorrect.
Option (d) is incorrect because statement 1 is correct.