The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The architecture of Mandu belongs to the Malwa School of Provincial Architecture, which flourished under the Sultans of Malwa (15th-16th century). This style is distinct for its robust structural expression, combining the strength of medieval fortifications with the aesthetics of pleasure resorts.
Statement 1 is Correct:
The Mandu style is characterized by a sophisticated articulation of space and volume. The buildings are noted for their massive scale, high plinths, and the use of large, imposing domes. The architects emphasized the visual weight and volume of the structures, often employing "battered" (sloping) walls to create an impression of strength and stability.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
The Malwa region (Madhya Pradesh) is rich in stone resources. Consequently, Mandu architecture relied heavily on locally available stone, including red sandstone, jasper, and marble. In contrast, the Bengal School of architecture relied exclusively on bricks due to the scarcity of stone in the alluvial plains of Bengal. Mandu did not import bricks from Bengal.
Statement 3 is Correct:
The buildings in Mandu, such as the Jahaz Mahal and Hindola Mahal, were designed to adapt to the local climate. They feature large arched openings, jalis (latticework), and high domes to facilitate air circulation. Furthermore, the integration of water bodies (baolis and artificial lakes) within and around the structures helped keep the environment cool and airy, countering the intense heat of the region.
Key Takeaway:
The Malwa Style (Mandu) is distinguished by the use of local stone, battered walls, and the integration of water bodies for cooling, whereas the Bengal Style is characterized by the exclusive use of brick and terracotta.