The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
In early medieval Indian society, the social structure was characterized by a rigid hierarchy where Brahmanas held the highest status. This dominance was established through religious authority, linguistic monopoly, and close association with political power.
Statement 1 is Correct:
The dominant position of Brahmanas was consolidated by the support of wealthy patrons, including kings and chieftains. Rulers patronized Brahmanas to validate their Kshatriya status and legitimize their political authority through rituals.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
Brahmanas were respected precisely because of their knowledge of Sanskrit, which was the language of religious texts and rituals. Their mastery over this language gave them a monopoly on sacred knowledge, distinguishing them from the common masses who spoke vernacular languages.
Statement 3 is Correct:
Brahmanas were frequently granted rent-free or tax-free lands by rulers. These land grants, often referred to as Brahmadeya or Agrahara, provided them with a steady source of income and administrative power in the granted villages.
Key Takeaway:
The social supremacy of Brahmanas was sustained by their monopoly over Sanskrit and rituals, alongside economic support from rulers through tax-free land grants.