The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only
Explanation
The Kangra school of painting is a prominent style within the Pahari paintings (hill paintings) of India. It flourished in the Himalayan foothills, particularly under the patronage of Raja Sansar Chand in the late 18th century. It represents a fusion of the lyrical quality of the hills with the technical refinement of the Mughal style.
Statement 1 is Correct:
The genesis of the Kangra school is historically linked to the decline of the Mughal Empire. Following the invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739 and the subsequent chaos in Delhi, many Mughal artists migrated to the relative safety of the Himalayan foothills (Pahari region). These artists were first patronized by the Guler state and later moved to Kangra, bringing Mughal techniques (naturalism, fine lines) which blended with local folk traditions to create the Pahari style.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
The central theme and primary source of inspiration for the Kangra school was Vaishnavism, specifically the Bhakti cult surrounding Radha and Krishna. The paintings extensively depict scenes from the Bhagavata Purana, Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda, and the poetry of Keshavdas (Rasikapriya). While other themes existed, the school is defined by its focus on the divine love of Radha-Krishna (Shringara Rasa), not Shaivite traditions.
Statement 3 is Correct:
The Kangra style is aesthetically distinguished by its soft, lyrical quality. It utilizes a palette of cool colors, particularly blues and greens, to depict lush landscapes and vegetation. The female figures are rendered with great grace, characterized by rhythmic lines and emotional depth, distinguishing it from the bolder and flatter styles of earlier Rajput paintings.
Key Takeaway:
The Kangra School emerged from the migration of Mughal artists to the hills (post-1739) and is characterized by Vaishnavite themes (Radha-Krishna), soft colors, and a lyrical, naturalistic style.