The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The development of regional cultures in early medieval India was characterized by the intermingling of local traditions with Sanskritic influences. The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram is a significant example of this synthesis, particularly in the evolution of language and performing arts.Statement 1 is Correct: The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century. Geographically, it was situated in the south-western part of the Indian peninsula, which corresponds to present-day Kerala.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: The rulers of this kingdom did not use Sanskrit exclusively. Instead, they introduced the Malayalam language and script in their official inscriptions. This marks one of the earliest instances in Indian history where a regional language was used in official records.
Statement 3 is Correct: The cultural life of the region drew heavily from Sanskritic traditions. The temple theatre of Kerala borrowed stories and themes directly from the Sanskrit epics. Additionally, early Malayalam literature (circa 12th century) shows a strong indebtedness to Sanskrit, eventually leading to the Manipravalam (literary style blending Sanskrit and the regional language).
Key Takeaway: The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram is pivotal in Indian history for the emergence of Malayalam as a distinct language and for the synthesis of regional and Sanskritic cultural traditions.