The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Chola society was characterized by a distinct caste hierarchy. The social structure placed Brahmanas and Vellalas (landowning groups) at the top, while certain communities were marginalized and treated as outcastes, living in segregated settlements.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Pulaiyas were considered "outcastes" by the dominant social groups, namely the Brahmanas and the Vellalas. They occupied the lowest rung of the social ladder and faced social exclusion.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Pulaiyas did not live in the center of the village or in large stone houses. According to literary sources like the Periyapuranam, they lived in small hamlets known as cheris located on the outskirts of the main village. Their dwellings were typically small huts covered with strips of leather or thatch, situated under old trees, reflecting their marginalized status.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Pulaiyas were an integral part of the agrarian economy, serving as agricultural laborers. They were routinely employed to work in the fields owned by the Vellalas and Brahmanas, engaging in tasks such as ploughing and harvesting.
Key Takeaway:
During the Chola period, the Pulaiyas were a marginalized community treated as outcastes, living in segregated settlements on village outskirts, and primarily employed as agricultural laborers.