Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Chola administration is historically significant for its highly organized system of local self-government. The functioning of the Sabha (an assembly of Brahmin villages or Agraharas) and its committees (Variyams) is extensively detailed in the Uttaramerur inscriptions (issued during the reign of Parantaka I, 10th century CE).
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The administration of the village was carried out by various committees (Variyams) such as the Tank Committee, Garden Committee, and Annual Committee. Members were selected for a tenure of one year, after which they retired to allow new members to take charge. This ensured the rotation of authority within the community.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The members were not chosen by the king. Instead, the selection was conducted through the Kudavolai system (Pot-Ticket system). Names of eligible candidates were written on palm leaves, placed in a pot, and drawn by a young boy to determine the committee members. This process ensured local autonomy without royal interference in the selection.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The inscriptions lay down strict eligibility criteria for membership. To be eligible for the lottery, a candidate had to be the owner of a specified amount of tax-paying land (at least 1/4 veli). Additionally, they were required to own a house built on their own site, be between 35 and 70 years of age, and possess knowledge of the Vedas and Brahmanas.
Key Takeaway: The Chola Sabha functioned through the Kudavolai system (lottery-based selection), characterized by strict property and educational qualifications for members and a rotational tenure system, operating independently of direct royal appointment.