The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The study of historical maps reveals how the science of cartography evolved over centuries. Two significant examples often compared in Indian history are the world map prepared by the Arab geographer Al-Idrisi in the 12th century and a map of the Indian subcontinent produced by a French cartographer in the 18th century. These maps reflect different cultural perspectives and purposes.
Statement 1 is Correct.
Al-Idrisi’s map, created in 1154 CE, follows the cartographic convention of the Islamic world at that time, where the South was placed at the top and the North at the bottom. Consequently, South India is depicted where one would expect to find North India in modern maps, and Sri Lanka is shown as an island at the top.
Statement 2 is Incorrect.
The map produced by the French cartographer in the 1720s is more consistent with modern orientation (North at the top). This map is noted for its precision regarding coastal areas, which are surprisingly detailed. This level of detail was necessary because these maps were primarily used by European sailors and merchants for navigation. The statement incorrectly claims that inland areas were more detailed than coastal areas.
Statement 3 is Incorrect.
Al-Idrisi was an Arab geographer, and the map was created for a context where Arabic was the scholarly language. Therefore, place names on the map are marked in Arabic script, not Devanagari. Notable places, such as Kanauj in Uttar Pradesh, are spelt as "Qanauj".
Key Takeaway:
Al-Idrisi’s map (12th century) orients South at the top and uses Arabic, whereas the French cartographer’s map (18th century) orients North at the top and focuses on coastal details for navigation.