Correct Option
The correct option is (a) 1 only.
Explanation
National Parks are strictly protected areas declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. They are designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations, ensuring the preservation of diverse landscapes, flora, fauna, and associated features.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: National Parks are typically large and diverse areas established to protect whole sets of ecosystems rather than just individual species. They aim to preserve the natural environment in its entirety, ensuring the continuity of ecological processes.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: National Parks preserve flora, fauna, landscapes, and historic objects of significance within their boundaries. They do not exclude historic or cultural features; for example, many National Parks in India contain ancient forts, temples, or ruins (e.g., Ranthambore Fort in Ranthambore National Park) which are protected as part of the park's landscape.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: National Parks enjoy a higher degree of protection than Wildlife Sanctuaries. Human activities such as grazing, collection of firewood, and forestry are strictly prohibited. Unlike Wildlife Sanctuaries, where certain rights may be allowed or regulated by the Chief Wildlife Warden, no rights are generally permitted within a National Park.
Key Takeaway
National Parks are "no-human-interference" zones where rights such as grazing and private landholding are not permitted, whereas Wildlife Sanctuaries may allow limited human activities subject to regulation.