The correct option is (d).
Explanation
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system fight off infections. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. Understanding the specific modes of transmission is essential for disease control and prevention.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: HIV is caused by a virus classified under the family Retroviridae. It infects vital cells in the human immune system, leading to progressive failure of the immune system.
- Statement 2 is Correct: HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her infant. This vertical transmission can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or through breastfeeding, as the virus is present in breast milk.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected blood. Sharing contaminated needles, syringes, or other injecting equipment is a highly efficient mode of transmission.
- Statement 4 is Correct: HIV is transmitted through exchange of certain body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal fluids. Unprotected sexual contact with an infected individual is a primary route of infection.
Key Takeaway: HIV is a viral disease transmitted via specific body fluids including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. It is not transmitted through casual contact, air, water, or insect bites.