Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Health infrastructure and outcomes are measured through key indicators such as Life Expectancy at Birth, Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR). These indicators reflect the effectiveness of a country's healthcare system and policy priorities over time.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Over the decades, India has witnessed a significant rise in life expectancy due to better medical facilities and disease control. According to the Human Development Report 2021-22, India's life expectancy at birth was recorded at 67.2 years in 2021. While this marked a slight decline from previous years due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, it represents a substantial increase compared to the time of independence (when it was around 32 years).
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births. The death of a child below five years of age is referred to as the Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR).
- Statement 3 is Correct: Improving the health status of the population has consistently been a central priority in India's Five-Year Plans and policies, such as the National Health Policy (2017). The government aims to ensure accessible, affordable, and quality healthcare for all citizens.
Key Takeaway
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) specifically measures deaths of infants under one year of age, whereas Under-5 Mortality Rate covers children up to the age of five. Life expectancy in India has shown a long-term upward trend, reaching approximately 67.2 years in 2021.