The correct option is (d).
Explanation
Educated unemployment occurs when individuals with formal education (matriculation, graduation, or post-graduation) are unable to find suitable employment. This is a structural issue often linked to the expansion of education without a corresponding increase in job opportunities that match the skill sets and aspirations of the educated workforce.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Educated unemployment is predominantly a common phenomenon in urban areas. This is due to the higher concentration of educational institutions in cities and the migration of educated youth from rural to urban areas in search of white-collar jobs.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Statistical trends in the Indian labor market indicate that unemployment rates rise with the level of education. Unemployment among graduates and post-graduates has increased faster than among matriculates. This is often attributed to higher reservation wages and specific job aspirations among those with higher degrees.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The economy witnesses a paradox of manpower. While there is a surplus of manpower in certain categories (such as general stream graduates), there is a simultaneous shortage of manpower in others (specifically in technical and vocational skills). This indicates a skill mismatch rather than a mere lack of jobs.
Key Takeaway:
The Indian labor market is characterized by a "paradox of manpower," where a surplus of educated job seekers coexists with a scarcity of skilled technical personnel, a phenomenon most visible in urban areas.