The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
Al-Biruni, in his work Kitab-ul-Hind, provided an extensive account of the Indian social structure, particularly the caste system. His approach was comparative, attempting to understand Indian social institutions by drawing parallels with other ancient civilizations.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. Al-Biruni did not argue that social divisions were unique to India. On the contrary, he attempted to explain the caste system by comparing it to social classes in ancient Persia. He noted that ancient Persia also had four social categories: knights and princes; monks, fire-priests, and lawyers; physicians, astronomers, and other scientists; and finally, peasants and artisans. By citing these parallels, he suggested that social stratification was not an exclusive phenomenon of India.
- Statement 2 is Correct. While Al-Biruni described the caste hierarchy, he critically analyzed and disapproved of the concept of ritual pollution (impurity). He argued that the notion of permanent impurity was contrary to the laws of nature. He stated that nature invariably strives to return to its original state of purity. For example, the sun cleanses the air, and salt prevents the sea from becoming corrupt. He concluded that if this were not the case, life on earth would be impossible.
Key Takeaway:
Al-Biruni used a comparative method to contextualize the Indian caste system, showing it was not unique globally, but he philosophically rejected the specific Indian notion of ritual pollution based on the restorative principles of nature.