The correct option is Quanzhou.
Explanation
During the medieval period, particularly under the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 CE), international maritime trade flourished along the Maritime Silk Road. Arab, Persian, and European travelers recorded their observations of major trading hubs, often using specific exonyms (names used by foreigners) for these cities.
Detailed Analysis
The city referred to as "Zaytun" (or Zaitun) in the travelogues of Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo corresponds to the modern-day city of Quanzhou.
- Historical Context: Quanzhou was one of the busiest ports in the world during the 13th and 14th centuries. It served as a vital link connecting China with the Indian Ocean trade network, the Persian Gulf, and the Mediterranean.
- Ibn Battuta's Account: The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta visited the city in the 14th century and described it as the greatest port in the world. He noted the immense volume of trade, particularly in silk (satin) and porcelain. The term "satin" is etymologically derived from "Zaytun."
- Marco Polo's Account: Marco Polo, who visited in the late 13th century, praised the port's prosperity and identified it as a major hub for the spice and gem trade.
Analysis of Other Options:
- Beijing Beijing: Known as Khanbaliq (City of the Khan) during the Yuan Dynasty, it was the imperial capital but is located inland (served historically by ports like Tianjin), not the maritime hub described as Zaytun.
- Shanghai Shanghai: During the medieval period, Shanghai was a relatively minor town compared to the major trade centers of the time. It rose to global prominence much later.
- Guangzhou Guangzhou: Historically known as Canton or Sin-Kalan (in Persian/Arabic sources), Guangzhou was also a major ancient port. However, historical geography specifically identifies Zaytun with Quanzhou, located in Fujian province, distinct from Guangzhou.
Key Takeaway: Zaytun is the medieval Arabic and Persian name for the Chinese port city of Quanzhou, famous for its pivotal role in the Maritime Silk Road and the origin of the fabric name "satin."