The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Chola administration was highly organized, and the state maintained a close relationship with the agrarian community. Rich landowners, particularly from the Vellala caste, held significant power and were frequently integrated into the administrative framework through the conferment of specific titles of honor.
Statement 1 is Incorrect.
Mandalam was not a title given to individuals. It was the largest administrative division in the Chola empire, roughly equivalent to a province. The empire was divided into Mandalams, which were further subdivided into Valanadus and Nadus.
Statement 2 is Correct.
Araiyar was a title of respect given to rich landowners or chiefs. It signifies a person of high status or a chief, and Chola kings often bestowed this title upon influential landowners to integrate them into the state structure and acknowledge their social standing.
Statement 3 is Correct.
Muvendavelan is a title that literally translates to "a velan (peasant/landowner) serving three kings" (Muvendar refers to the three crowned kings: Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas). This title was used as a marker of respect for rich landowners who provided service to the state. Many of these landowners were also appointed to important offices in the central government.
Key Takeaway:
In the Chola Empire, Mandalam refers to a territorial administrative unit (province), whereas Muvendavelan and Araiyar are titles of distinction and respect bestowed upon wealthy landowners.