Which of the following terms was used by Al-Biruni to describe the category of people "born outside the system" who provided inexpensive labour?

The correct option is Antyaja.

Explanation

Al-Biruni, the 11th-century Persian scholar, provided a detailed sociological account of the Indian caste system in his book Kitab-ul-Hind. He observed the four-fold Varna hierarchy and specifically noted social groups that existed outside this primary framework.

Detailed Analysis:

• Antyaja: Al-Biruni used this term to describe people who were "born outside the system" (i.e., outside the four Varnas). He identified eight specific guilds within this category: fullers, shoemakers, jugglers, basket and shield makers, sailors, fishermen, hunters of wild animals, and weavers. These groups lived near villages and towns but were segregated outside the main settlement areas and provided inexpensive labor to the community.
• Distinction from Shudras: The Shudras were the fourth Varna and were considered part of the formal caste system, whereas the Antyaja were considered distinct and outside the Varna hierarchy.
• Distinction from Chandalas: Al-Biruni categorized groups like the Chandalas, Haddi, and Doma as distinct from and socially lower than the Antyaja. He described them as occupied with "dirty work" (such as sanitation and execution) and noted they were not reckoned amongst any caste or guild.

Key Takeaway:
Al-Biruni classified the eight professional guilds existing outside the four Varnas as Antyaja, distinguishing them from both the Shudras (within the system) and the Chandalas (social outcasts below the Antyaja).