Which of the following techniques is characterised by the use of repeated shapes without gaps or overlaps?

The correct option is Mosaic designs created using small pieces of material

Explanation

Indo-Islamic architecture is characterized by a distinct lack of human or animal representation in religious contexts. Instead, surface decoration relies heavily on three non-figurative elements: calligraphy, arabesque (vegetal motifs), and geometric patterns. Various techniques were employed to execute these designs, including stone carving, inlay work, and tiling.

Option Analysis

• Mosaic designs created using small pieces of material is Correct. Tessellation refers to the technique of tiling a plane using one or more geometric shapes with no overlaps and no gaps. In the context of Indo-Islamic architecture, this term is specifically associated with mosaic designs created using small pieces of colored glass, stone, or ceramic tiles to form complex, repeating geometric patterns. This technique was widely used to decorate walls, domes, and floors.
• Incision on plaster to create relief work is Incorrect. Incision on plaster to create relief work is generally referred to as incised plaster work or stucco. While it may depict geometric patterns, the technique of cutting into plaster is distinct from the assembly of small pieces found in tessellation.
• Inlay of semi-precious stones in marble is Incorrect. The inlay of semi-precious stones (such as lapis lazuli, jasper, and onyx) into marble is technically known as Pietra Dura (or Parchin Kari). This technique became a hallmark of Mughal architecture, particularly visible in the Taj Mahal, but it is distinct from the mosaic tiling of tessellation.
• Painting of floral motifs on stucco is Incorrect. Painting floral motifs on stucco is a form of mural decoration or arabesque painting. It involves applying pigment to a surface rather than assembling separate pieces of material.

Key Takeaway

Tessellation is the creation of geometric patterns through the arrangement of shapes (often via mosaic tiling) without gaps, whereas Pietra Dura is the specific technique of inlaying semi-precious stones into a hard stone base.