The correct option is Judicial Review.
Explanation
In a Parliamentary form of government, the Executive is collectively responsible to the Legislature. Parliament employs various constitutional and procedural instruments to ensure this accountability, scrutinize government functioning, and prevent arbitrary exercise of power.Analysis of Options:
- Judicial Review (Not an instrument of Parliamentary control): Judicial Review is the power of the Judiciary (Supreme Court and High Courts) to examine the constitutionality of legislative acts and executive orders. It is a mechanism of checks and balances exercised by the courts, not by the Parliament. Therefore, it is not an instrument of Parliamentary control.
- Deliberation and discussion: This is a primary instrument of control. Through devices such as the Question Hour, Zero Hour, and various motions (e.g., Adjournment Motion, Calling Attention Motion), members debate policies and question the Executive's actions.
- Approval or Refusal of laws: The Executive cannot implement policies requiring statutory backing without the consent of Parliament. The refusal to pass a significant bill may indicate a loss of confidence in the government.
- Financial control: Parliament holds the "power of the purse." The Executive cannot levy taxes or incur expenditure without Parliamentary approval (e.g., passing the Budget). Financial Committees (like the Public Accounts Committee) further scrutinize government spending.
Key Takeaway:
Parliamentary control ensures the political accountability of the Executive to the Legislature through debates, legislation, and financial oversight. Judicial Review is a separate constitutional tool exercised by the Judiciary to ensure legal and constitutional compliance.