Mathura
Explanation
The Mauryan Empire was a highly centralized state with an elaborate administrative framework. For efficient administration, the empire was divided into major provinces, each governed by a prince (Kumara) or a royal official (Aryaputra). Ashokan inscriptions specifically mention five major political centres: the imperial capital and four provincial capitals.
Option Analysis
- Taxila (Correct as Provincial Centre): It served as the capital of the Northern Province, known as Uttarapatha. It was a strategic gateway to the northwest.
- Ujjain (Correct as Provincial Centre): It was the capital of the Western Province, known as Avantiratha. It was a crucial node for trade routes connecting the north and the west.
- Pataliputra (Correct as Administrative Centre): While primarily the Imperial Capital, it also functioned as the administrative headquarters for the Eastern/Central division (Prachya or Magadha). It is counted among the five major political centres of the empire.
- Mathura (Incorrect as Provincial Centre): Although Mathura was an ancient and economically significant city, it did not serve as a provincial capital under the Mauryan administration. It became a prominent capital later under the Kushana Empire.
The four provincial capitals mentioned in the Ashokan edicts are Taxila, Ujjain, Tosali (Kalinga), and Suvarnagiri (South).
Key Takeaway: The Mauryan administration was managed through five key centres: the imperial capital Pataliputra and the four provincial capitals of Taxila, Ujjain, Tosali, and Suvarnagiri.