The correct option is (b) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Dhamma Mahamattas were a specialized cadre of high-ranking officials instituted by Emperor Ashoka to implement his policy of Dhamma and ensure the moral welfare of his subjects. Their creation marked a shift in Mauryan administration towards ethical governance.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The Dhamma Mahamattas were not a special class of priests. They were senior state officials (bureaucrats) appointed to look after the spiritual and moral affairs of the people, regardless of their religious affiliation. They were part of the administrative machinery, not the priestly hierarchy.
- Statement 2 is Correct. According to Major Rock Edict V, Ashoka appointed these officials in the 13th year of his coronation. Before this, no such specific officers existed for the propagation of Dhamma.
- Statement 3 is Correct. Their primary responsibility was the propagation of Dhamma, promoting welfare and happiness among those devoted to Dhamma, and working towards the removal of obstacles in its practice. They also looked after the welfare of prisoners and various religious sects (Sangha, Brahmins, Ajivikas, etc.).
- Statement 4 is Incorrect. Their jurisdiction was not limited to the capital city (Pataliputra). They worked throughout the empire, including in the households of the King’s brothers and sisters, and even in outlying areas among border people like the Yonas, Kambojas, and Gandharas.
Key Takeaway:
Dhamma Mahamattas were administrative officials appointed by Ashoka (mentioned in Major Rock Edict V) to enforce moral codes and ensure social welfare across the entire empire, not just the capital.