The correct option is Vachanas.
Explanation
The Virashaiva movement, which emerged in the 12th century in Karnataka under the leadership of Basavanna, utilized the local language to propagate its egalitarian and devotional principles. This movement produced a distinct form of literature accessible to the common people.
- Abhangs is Incorrect: Abhangs are a form of devotional poetry sung in praise of the Hindu god Vithoba. They are specifically associated with the Varkari tradition of Maharashtra and were composed by saints such as Tukaram, Namdev, and Eknath in the Marathi language.
- Vachanas is Correct: Vachanas (literally translating to "sayings" or "what is said") are free-verse lyrics or rhythmic prose composed in Kannada. They were the primary literary medium of the Virashaiva or Lingayat saints (Sharanas), including Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, and Allama Prabhu. These compositions questioned the caste system and ritualistic practices.
- Padavalis is Incorrect: Padavalis refer to a genre of lyrical poetry often associated with the Vaishnava Bhakti tradition, particularly in Bengal and eastern India (e.g., Vidyapati). They typically celebrate the divine love of Radha and Krishna.
- Dohas is Incorrect: Dohas are independent rhyming couplets used extensively by poets and saints in North India. Prominent figures like Kabir, Tulsidas, and Rahim used Dohas to convey moral and philosophical teachings in Hindi and its dialects.
Key Takeaway: The Vachana Sahitya is a significant genre of Kannada literature developed by the Virashaiva movement to express personal devotion to Shiva and advocate for social reform.