The correct option is 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
The Constitution of India adopts the principle of Universal Adult Franchise as the basis for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. This provision is enshrined in Article 326, which ensures that every citizen above a specified age has the right to vote without discrimination based on literacy, wealth, or social status.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The original text of Article 326 in the Constitution prescribed the voting age as 21 years.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The voting age was reduced from 21 years to 18 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988, which came into force on March 28, 1989. This amendment aimed to provide the unrepresented youth of the country an opportunity to express their feelings and help them become part of the political process.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Constitution does not permit discrimination in voting rights based on educational qualifications. Universal Adult Franchise specifically removed the restrictions based on tax, property, and education that existed under the Government of India Act, 1935. Article 326 allows disqualification only on the grounds of non-residence, unsoundness of mind, crime, or corrupt or illegal practice.
Key Takeaway:
Article 326 guarantees Universal Adult Franchise. The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years by the 61st Amendment Act, 1988.