Correct Option
The correct option is A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
Explanation
The Chola Empire (9th–12th Century CE) is renowned for its highly organized system of local self-government and agrarian administration. The administrative structure relied heavily on specific units of settlement and the involvement of influential land-owning groups in governance.
Detailed Analysis
- A. Ur - 2. Settlement of peasants: The Ur was the basic unit of the agrarian society, referring to a settlement of peasants. These settlements became prosperous due to the expansion of irrigation agriculture during the Chola period.
- B. Nadu - 4. Group of villages: Groups of Ur (villages) formed a larger administrative unit known as the Nadu. The Nadu served as a crucial tier in the administrative hierarchy, performing functions such as dispensing justice and collecting taxes.
- C. Vellala - 1. Rich peasants who exercised control: The Vellalas were a dominant agricultural caste. Rich peasants belonging to this caste exercised considerable control over the affairs of the Nadu under the supervision of the central Chola government.
- D. Muvendavelan - 3. Peasant serving three kings: The Chola kings granted titles of honor to rich landowners as a mark of respect and to integrate them into the state structure. Muvendavelan literally translates to "a velan (peasant) serving three kings" (likely referring to the Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras). Another common title was Araiyar (chief).
Conclusion:
A matches with 2, B matches with 4, C matches with 1, and D matches with 3.
Key Takeaway:
The Chola local administration was structured hierarchically: Ur (village) → Nadu (group of villages) → Valanadu → Mandalam (province). Rich landowners, often titled Muvendavelan or Araiyar, played a pivotal role in local governance.