The correct option is A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
Explanation
The Chola Empire (9th–12th Century CE) maintained a highly organized land revenue system. Chola inscriptions provide specific classifications of land based on ownership, taxation status, and the purpose of the grant.
Analysis of Land Categories:
- A. Vellanvagai: This refers to land held by non-Brahmana peasant proprietors. It was the standard category of agricultural land held by the farming community (Vellalas).
- B. Brahmadeya: This denotes land gifted to Brahmanas. These lands were typically tax-free and were often managed by an assembly of Brahmanas known as the Sabha.
- C. Shalabhoga: This refers to land granted specifically for the maintenance of a school or educational institution.
- D. Devadana: Literally translating to "gift to God," this refers to land gifted to temples. The revenue from such land was used for temple maintenance and rituals.
Key Takeaway:
Chola inscriptions distinguish five major types of land grants: Vellanvagai (peasant proprietors), Brahmadeya (Brahmanas), Shalabhoga (schools), Devadana (temples), and Pallichchandam (Jaina institutions).