Correct Option
The correct option is Patna, Vidisha, and Mathura.
Explanation
Mauryan art is broadly classified into two categories: Court Art (initiated by the state, e.g., palaces, pillars, and stupas) and Popular Art (initiated by individual patrons). Large monumental statues of Yakshas and Yakshinis belong to the tradition of Popular Art. These statues represent earth spirits and fertility deities, reflecting the prevalence of folk worship alongside Buddhism during the Mauryan period.
Option Analysis
- Patna, Vidisha, and Mathura: Correct. Large, free-standing stone statues of Yakshas and Yakshinis have been discovered at these specific locations. Notable examples include:
- Patna (Didarganj): The famous Didarganj Yakshi, known for its polished sandstone surface (Mauryan Polish).
- Mathura (Parkham): The colossal Parkham Yaksha.
- Vidisha (Besnagar): The Besnagar Yakshi.
- Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta: Incorrect. Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta are famous for rock-cut cave architecture and sculptures belonging to later periods (Satavahana, Vakataka, Gupta, and Rashtrakuta dynasties), ranging from the 2nd century BCE to the 10th century CE.
- Badami, Aihole, and Pattadakal: Incorrect. Badami, Aihole, and Pattadakal are centers of Chalukyan architecture (6th to 8th century CE), known for the development of the Vesara style of temple architecture.
- Kanchipuram, Mahabalipuram, and Madurai: Incorrect. Kanchipuram, Mahabalipuram, and Madurai are major centers of Dravidian temple architecture patronized by the Pallavas, Pandyas, and Cholas, much later than the Mauryan period.
Key Takeaway: The primary centers for Mauryan Popular Art, specifically monumental Yaksha and Yakshini figures, are Patna, Vidisha, and Mathura. These figures are distinct from the Court Art of Ashokan pillars.