War and peace
Explanation
The Gupta Empire featured a structured bureaucracy where high-ranking officials, often hereditary, assisted the King in central administration. The administrative terminology of this period reflects a sophisticated division of power, particularly regarding military and diplomatic functions.
Analysis of the Term 'Sandhivigrahika':
- Meaning and Role: The term Sandhivigrahika is derived from Sandhi (peace/alliance) and Vigraha (war/conflict). Consequently, this officer functioned as the Minister of War and Peace.
- Functions: This official was responsible for foreign affairs, including the declaration of war, the conclusion of peace treaties, and the maintenance of diplomatic relations with feudatories and neighboring kingdoms.
- Historical Evidence: The Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayaga Prashasti) identifies Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta, as a Sandhivigrahika. This highlights that the post was held by individuals of high intellectual and political standing, often holding multiple portfolios (Harisena was also a Kumaramatya and Mahadandanayaka).
Comparison with Other Options:
- Revenue Collection: This was typically handled by officers such as the Dhruvadhikarana (land revenue) or Shaulkika (customs and tolls).
- Royal Security: The Chief of the Palace Guards was known as the Mahapratihara.
- Village Administration: The village headman was referred to as the Gramika.
Key Takeaway:
The Sandhivigrahika was the Minister of War and Peace (Foreign Minister) in the Gupta administration, a critical role for managing imperial expansion and diplomatic alliances.